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#Tech, Media, Telecom

AI Act Implementation Forum: Legal Principles and Technical Requirements

  • February 4, 2025
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Document(s)
Read the "Legal Framework for an Effective Implementation of the AI Act" Issue Paper
Read the "Effective Implementation of Requirements for High-Risk AI Systems Under the AI Act: Transparency and Appropriate Accuracy" Issue Paper

The EU AI Act represents an ambitious, groundbreaking response to the unprecedented regulatory challenge posed by AI.  The Act aims to set European AI development upon a safe, human-centric trajectory, while also establishing global benchmarks for the safety and quality of AI systems.

Ambition, however, entails complexity – and the broad scope of the AI Act means that its implementation will be a lengthy endeavour. To this end, CERRE’s AI Act Implementation Forum brings together a diverse group of stakeholders, alongside academic experts, in order to contribute to realising the objectives of the Act. Research under the Forum takes a dual-pronged approach, combining legal and technical perspectives in the form of two Issue Papers designed to clarify the major hurdles facing European policy makers and regulators.

The “Legal Framework for an Effective Implementation of the AI Act” Issue Paper, authored by Professor Pierre Larouche, provides an overview of the institutional and procedural framework of the AI Act. The analysis centres on three key issues: including the nature and terms of the relationship between market actors and authorities, the preparation and endorsement of harmonised standards and Codes of Practice, and sectoral fragmentation of AI governance.

Key findings that emerge include the need for clear articulation of the “responsible innovation” approach governing the relationship between market actors and public authorities, the importance of a balanced and proper assessment of proposed harmonised standards and Codes of Practice by the European Commission, and the need to prepare for increased sectoral fragmentation by developing mechanisms to strengthen cross-border coordination.

In “Effective Implementation of Requirements for High-Risk AI Systems Under the AI Act”, Professor Daniel Schnurr conducts a detailed examination of the technical requirements set out under the AI Act. Focusing on high-risk AI systems, a number of key recommendations are derived based on an analysis of the provisions of the AI Act, the technical state of the art in AI systems and methodologies, academic literature, and the fundamental trade-offs involved.

The paper’s findings suggest that transparency requirements under the AI can be operationalised by delineating three main categories of information, including information on the characteristics and capabilities, potential risks and risk severity, and interpretability of AI systems. Further recommendations include the introduction of guidelines and standardisation for specific risk domains, the introduction of post-market monitoring of risks and effective feedback mechanisms across the AI value chain, and the use of benchmarks based on human accuracy and the technical state of the art when determining the appropriate accuracy of high-risk AI systems.

For more on the future of AI and digital contestability in Europe, AI, see our recent Issue Papers: Navigating the Revolution: Policy Recommendations For Inclusive AI and AI Agents and Ecosystems Contestability.  CERRE’s ongoing research into AI and the AI Act aligns with our goal to foster robust, resilient, and future-proof digital infrastructure, under the aegis of CERRE’s Ambitions for Europe 2024-2029.

Watch the presentation of the Issue Papers at the “AI: From Act to Action” event on our CERRE Youtube channel.

Watch the full recording of our online event

Author(s)
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Pierre Larouche
Pierre Larouche
Research Fellow
and University of Montréal

Prof. Pierre Larouche holds the chair of Law and Innovation at Université de Montréal, where he also directs the PhD programme on Innovation, Science, Technology and Law.

A graduate of McGill University, Bonn University and Maastricht University and a law clerk at the Supreme Court of Canada, Pierre Larouche was Professor of Competition Law at Tilburg University (Netherlands) from 2002 to 2017. There he founded and directed the Tilburg Law and Economics Center (TILEC), one of the largest research centres on economic governance. He also conceived and launched the Bachelor Global Law, an innovative law degree inspired by his meta-comparative and inter-disciplinary method. In his capacity as Associate Dean, he led the LL.B. reform at Université de Montréal. Pierre Larouche also taught at the College of Europe (Bruges) (2004-2016), and he has been a guest professor or scholar at McGill University (2002), National University of Singapore (2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013), Northwestern University (2009-2010, 2016-2017), Sciences Po (2012), the University of Pennsylvania (2015) and the Inter-Disciplinary Center (IDC, 2016).

Pierre Larouche’s research centers around economic governance, and in particular how law and regulation struggle to deal with complex phenomena such as innovation. An expert in competition law and civil liability, his works have been cited by the European Court of Justice and the UK Supreme Court, and they have influenced EU policy on electronic communications, competition and standardisation.

Prof. Pierre Larouche holds the chair of Law and Innovation at Université de Montréal, where he also directs the PhD programme on Innovation, Science, Technology and Law.

A graduate of McGill University, Bonn University and Maastricht University and a law clerk at the Supreme Court of Canada, Pierre Larouche was Professor of Competition Law at Tilburg University (Netherlands) from 2002 to 2017. There he founded and directed the Tilburg Law and Economics Center (TILEC), one of the largest research centres on economic governance. He also conceived and launched the Bachelor Global Law, an innovative law degree inspired by his meta-comparative and inter-disciplinary method. In his capacity as Associate Dean, he led the LL.B. reform at Université de Montréal. Pierre Larouche also taught at the College of Europe (Bruges) (2004-2016), and he has been a guest professor or scholar at McGill University (2002), National University of Singapore (2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2013), Northwestern University (2009-2010, 2016-2017), Sciences Po (2012), the University of Pennsylvania (2015) and the Inter-Disciplinary Center (IDC, 2016).

Pierre Larouche’s research centers around economic governance, and in particular how law and regulation struggle to deal with complex phenomena such as innovation. An expert in competition law and civil liability, his works have been cited by the European Court of Justice and the UK Supreme Court, and they have influenced EU policy on electronic communications, competition and standardisation.

Daniel Schnurr (2)
Daniel Schnurr
Research Fellow
and University of Regensburg

Daniel Schnurr is a CERRE Research Fellow and a Professor of Information Systems at the University of Regensburg, where he holds the Chair of Machine Learning and Uncertainty Quantification.

Previously, he led the Data Policies research group at the University of Passau. He received his Ph.D. in Information Systems from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in 2016, where he also completed his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Information Engineering and Management. Daniel Schnurr has published in leading journals in Information Systems and Economics on competition and data sharing in digital markets, regulation of data-driven market power, and competition and cooperation in telecommunications markets.

His current research focuses on the role of artificial intelligence in competition, privacy and data sharing in digital markets as well as regulation of AI, cloud computing and the data economy.

Daniel Schnurr is a CERRE Research Fellow and a Professor of Information Systems at the University of Regensburg, where he holds the Chair of Machine Learning and Uncertainty Quantification.

Previously, he led the Data Policies research group at the University of Passau. He received his Ph.D. in Information Systems from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in 2016, where he also completed his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Information Engineering and Management. Daniel Schnurr has published in leading journals in Information Systems and Economics on competition and data sharing in digital markets, regulation of data-driven market power, and competition and cooperation in telecommunications markets.

His current research focuses on the role of artificial intelligence in competition, privacy and data sharing in digital markets as well as regulation of AI, cloud computing and the data economy.

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Navigating the Revolution: Policy Recommendations for Inclusive AI
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