The Economics of the Single-Ticketing Regulation in Europe

Paolo Beria is Associate Professor of Transport Economics and director of TRASPOL, Research Centre on Transport Policies, at Politecnico di Milano. Member of the Scientific Committee of the WCTR (World Conference on Transport Research) and co-chair of the Special Interest Group on Transport pricing and regulation. In 2018-2019 senior expert of the “Struttura Tecnica di Missione” of the Italian Ministry of Transport. Holds a MSc. in Civil Engineering, specialisation Transport, and Ph.D in Urban projects and policies. His fields of research are transport economics, geography and planning, assessment of transport projects and policies, and economic regulation. He is author of more than 150 papers, of which 40 on peer-reviewed indexed journals.

Carlo Cambini, CERRE Research Fellow, Professor in applied economics at the Polytechnic of Turin, has strong expertise in competition and regulation in transportation, telecommunications and the energy market; he was appointed as chief economist at the Italian Transport Authority and then he was involved in governmental decisions on transport and telecoms. He won the award as best Young Economist at the International meeting of the European Association of Researcher in Industrial Economics – EARIE (Lausanne, 2000), and his work has been published in leading international scientific journals.

Dr. Enguerrand Marique is currently an associate professor at the Université catholique de Lille (FR) and guest lecturer at UCLouvain (BE). He teaches business law and new technology law. After completing a master’s degree in law at UCLouvain and an additional master’s degree in international commercial law in California, in 2021 Dr. Enguerrand Marique defended a thesis on digital platform law entitled “Building Trust in Digital Platforms via legal tools: new roles and new responsabilities for public authorities and private entities”.

From 2020 to 2025, dr. Enguerrand Marique was universitair docent at Radboud University (NL), where he taught digital single market law and dispute resolution in a digital environment.

His research focuses mostly on the regulation of digital technologies, particularly in cases where their civil applications adversely affect citizens’ or consumers’ trust (in the technology deployer). He is interested in how governance mechanisms can be innovatively designed to rebuild and sustain this trust, especially in environments where transparency and accountability are at stake (data, platforms and AI). This includes examining the role of EU regulatory frameworks in mitigating the erosion of trust and ensuring that digital technologies are deployed in ways that respect ethical principles and reinforce public confidence.

Another strand of his research focuses on digital sovereignty and the critical role public authorities play in fostering a distinctly European digital ecosystem. He explores how regulatory and policy measures can strengthen Europe’s autonomy in the digital realm while balancing innovation, competition, and ethical considerations. This includes examining the interplay between digital sovereignty and global digital governance, highlighting how European public authorities can shape frameworks that safeguard European values and promote trust in a connected world.

Chiara is the Head of Government Relations for Trainline in Brussels, representing the company at the intersection of transport and digital. A staunch supporter of train travel, she has embraced Trainline’s mission of supporting the shift towards sustainable transport by swearing off flights (with mixed results!). Chiara joined Trainline in 2022 from Google, where she worked on AI and cloud policy among many other issues. She was previously a consultant on public affairs and communications at Brunswick Group. Through her almost 15 years in Brussels, Chiara has been involved in some of the most relevant debates on digital policy – such as AI ethics, competition, strategic autonomy and privacy.

Fabien Yao is an economist at Autorité de Régulation des Transports (ART), within the Market Monitoring Department, where he works on digital ticketing and mobility systems. Fabien holds a PhD in Public Economics from Université de Bretagne Occidentale. His research focused on the costs of local public services in French municipalities. Before joining ART, he was a research fellow at École Polytechnique de Paris, working on the environmental regulation of maritime transport.