State aid for broadband infrastructure

It is the first study of its kind: the authors have undertaken a systematic analysis of all of the 157 broadband measures notified to the European Commission by Member States over the past 15 years. Based on this research, the authors have identified critical issues and provided recommendations on how to better support the deployment of broadband infrastructure in Europe.

The authors estimate that public funding from all sources to support broadband deployment in the period to 2020 amounts to around €7 billion per year. At this rate it will take Europe nearly 30 years to meet its FTTH targets. They also find wide variations in public funding for broadband between Member States: in the period 2003-18 France spent around €215 per capita and Italy €145, whilst the majority of Member States spent less than €100 per capita and some less than €10.

“We found that broadband infrastructure receives less than 5% of available European funds, despite being a strategic priority for Europe and for the Juncker Commission”, said CERRE Research Fellow Richard Feasey. “Current public funding is insufficient if Europe is to achieve its Gigabit Society targets. It is equally important that whatever public funds are allocated, they are also used efficiently”.

The authors provide recommendations for EU and national policy makers, including:

1. Mobilise grassroots interests in public funding of broadband with an EU-wide competition for funds.
2. Improve coordination between the European Investment Bank and the European Commission’s DG Competition to ensure that in each case the appropriate public funding instrument is used.
3. Increase the share of European funds allocated to broadband.
4. Revise the existing ‘Broadband State Aid Guidelines’ now to clarify elements such as:

• when and how public funds can be used if commercial operators have no plans to deploy Very High Capacity infrastructure;
• require that State Aid can only be used once adoption rates for a new technology have achieved certain thresholds in areas where it has already been deployed by the private sector;
• consider allowing higher prices for broadband services provided by publicly funded networks in order to reduce the cost to the taxpayer and increase the coverage that can be obtained;
• explain how the universal service provisions of the new EU Electronic Communications Code will ensure that all users can benefit from affordable access to publicly funded broadband networks;
• simplify the regime so that measures to protect competition align with those that already apply to commercially-funded networks under the Significant Market Power regime and ensure enforcement.

5. Require Member States to provide more data to enable the evaluation of the effectiveness of State Aid measures. ‘Effectiveness’ should be measured by whether public funds achieve the goal of extending broadband services to the greatest number for the lowest cost to the taxpayer, and not simply in terms of competition or the time taken to approve the project.

“If broadband infrastructure deployment is a priority for the EU, we think that the Commission should also explore how to formalise its Digital Agenda and Gigabit Society targets, to give Member States stronger incentives to meet those targets”, conclude the authors.

SOME FACTS AND FIGURES

• Europe spends less than 5% of its budget on broadband
• 65% of public funding for broadband comes from Member States
• Estimated public funding from all sources allocated to broadband deployment in the EU in the period to 2020 amounts to around €7 billion per year
• It will take Europe 29 years to complete FTTH deployment at current rates
• Total expenditure by EU Members States for State Aid varies significantly
• In the period 2003-18, the majority of Member States spent less than €100 per capita and some less than €10
  • France spent around €215 per capita, Italy €145, and Germany €87
  • Belgium, Luxembourg and Malta have achieved a relatively extensive and high capacity broadband deployment without relying on any form of State Aid whatsoever
• There is a very large variation in the use of sources of funding by Member States